Related time notes
- Britain's Rearmament 1937 vs 2026: What Lessons are we forgetting?1:25:40Carrier damage control and the need to retrain instinctNotable Point
- Bruships 263: Alternate History & Naval History Questions Answered Live...1:24:04Taranto with Glorious and a larger Mediterranean carrier forceNotable Point
- Marine Nationale go all Free French in June 1940...57:49What a larger Taranto strike might changeChapter
- Marine Nationale go all Free French in June 1940...1:22:40Eagle's fighter cover could release larger carriersNotable Point
- What happens if the French navy goes all Free French in 1940?56:52Releasing Ark Royal and Illustrious for other theatresNotable Point
- Bruships 252: Naval History Questions Answered Live...take 23:51Illustrious and SS Ohio as Mediterranean survival storiesNotable Point
- What happens if the entirety of the French Navy decides to carry on fighting in WWII? (Patreon Live)2:04:11Earlier carrier strikes could change Hood's encounterNotable Point
- Top/Bottom 5 inventions/adaptations of RN ships that came from the ships themselves...(Patreon Live)1:46:20Goodhart's optical landing system made jet recovery saferNotable Point
- Bruships 232: Naval History Questions Answered Live...4:20:14How an Italian peace in 1941 could release Allied resourcesQ&A
- Bruships 232: Naval History Questions Answered Live...4:21:03What could bring Italy to peace in 1941?Q&A
- Bruships 225: Naval History & Current Affairs Questions Answered Live...4:00:23Carrier damage-control lessons reach the captainNotable Point
- 3 Books to understand the USN, RN & IJN preperations for WWII! Key Books 37:52Why Japanese carriers could concentrate in 1941Notable Point
- Historiophon 2025: part 3 of 9 - Combat Stress10:46:35Illustrious's damage in the fictional repair scenarioQ&A
- Andrew Cunningham: Master of Deception19:00Hiding Taranto inside a crowded operational pictureChapter
- Andrew Cunningham: Master of Deception25:49Delay exposes Taranto's defences and Eagle's crews reinforce IllustriousNotable Point
- Andrew Cunningham: Master of Deception26:37Timing Taranto around convoy cover and a concealed approachChapter
- Andrew Cunningham: Master of Deception30:18Why Cunningham resisted a second Taranto strikeNotable Point
- Admiral Henderson's Dream? A Four Carrier Battle of Taranto...24:34The original two-carrier Taranto strikeChapter
- Admiral Henderson's Dream? A Four Carrier Battle of Taranto...46:39The unrealized two-carrier damage caseNotable Point
- Bruships 206: Naval History Questions Answered Live...1:25:10Taranto was planned as a multi-carrier strikeNotable Point
- Lessons of Falklands War(1982) and Ukraine War(2022-)28:57Alliance specialization left an airborne-warning gapChapter
- Admiral of the Fleet Philip Vian: Boundless Aggression or...1:34:44Salerno's escort carriers had little room or speed for repeated flying cyclesNotable Point
- Bruships 196: Naval History Questions Answered Live...1:42:58Which recently retired warships deserved museum preservationQ&A
- Bruships 182: Naval History Questions Answered Live...3:56:25German carriers could preserve and accelerate British carriersNotable Point
- Royal Navy go for speed not bulwark in the Nelson Class design...2:28:35Ship names shape crew cultureNotable Point
- Steadfastly with Winged Sword: 881 Squadron RNAS/RCNAS19:49Learning carrier warfare aboard HMS IllustriousChapter
- For History: Which Three ships should never have been scrapped?59:00HMS Illustrious from Taranto to the British Pacific FleetNotable Point
- For History: Which Three ships should never have been scrapped?1:11:44Why Illustrious wins the carrier placeChapter
- Why did the Royal Navy need a Forward Aviation Support Ship: Unicorn, the why, the how & the value!37:24Workshops adapted for the Eastern and British Pacific FleetsChapter
- Why did the Royal Navy need a Forward Aviation Support Ship: Unicorn, the why, the how & the value!51:23What earlier Unicorn-type ships could have supportedNotable Point
- Bruships Gothenborg style...1:03:40Surviving Force Z makes an Allied carrier counterstroke credibleQ&A
- Bruships Gothenborg style...1:12:43Warships that should have been preservedQ&A
- Damage Control - The WWII Aircraft Carriers Edition; when it went wrong & when it went right27:50Illustrious and the layers of carrier air defenceChapter
- Damage Control - The WWII Aircraft Carriers Edition; when it went wrong & when it went right35:20Why deck-edge lifts appealed despite Britain's exposed seasNotable Point
- Damage Control - The WWII Aircraft Carriers Edition; when it went wrong & when it went right37:22Illustrious and cumulative bomb damageNotable Point
- Damage Control - The WWII Aircraft Carriers Edition; when it went wrong & when it went right43:04Illustrious needed fighter spares as well as armourNotable Point
- Günther Lütjens: The Bismarck's Admiral for its Final Mission1:23:56How Glorious's survival might have changed TarantoNotable Point
- Bruships 153: Naval History Questions Answered & Boxes being Packed... still, there are more books!1:01:02Five British warships worth preservingQ&A
- Taranto Zero: Japan joins WWII on side of Britain in June 1940 - Patreon Alternate History1:09:17Soryu changes Mediterranean carrier operationsNotable Point
- 824 Sqn Royal Naval Air Service: Spectat Ubique Spiritus (The Wind Everywhere Looks On)22:10824 Squadron's Swordfish flew from Taranto to Atlantic trade warfareChapter
- 824 Sqn Royal Naval Air Service: Spectat Ubique Spiritus (The Wind Everywhere Looks On)22:39Carrier fires and damage made Taranto a problem of timing and resilienceNotable Point
- 809 Squadron Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm: The Immortals50:36809 returns south to secure Falklands air defenceChapter
- USS Texas: Always Bigger in Spirit - KSS3 S2 Comment Response4:05Illustrious keeps serving despite reduced speedNotable Point
- Naval Historian Reacts to Aircraft Carriers the Debate Part 2 of 21:19:05Operational resilience from Malta to OkinawaNotable Point
- Naval Historian Reacts to Aircraft Carriers the Debate Part 2 of 21:28:00Neglected British carrier cases drive new researchNotable Point
- Naval Historian Reacts to Aircraft Carriers the Debate: Part 1 of 228:48British multi-carrier doctrine predated the Pacific WarChapter
- Graf Zeppelin: KSS2 S1 Comment Response30:29How Graf Zeppelin could accelerate British carrier constructionQ&A
- WWII if Norway Wins & Operation Weserübung Fails...1:03:40Glorious could turn Taranto into a deeper Italian defeatChapter
- Mistakes of WWII caused by WWI1:30:22Illustrious-class timelines show how delay accumulatedNotable Point
- H Class Battleships: Ignoring Reality for Perfection, Key Ships Series 4, Ship 446:22Fleet effect matters more than one wonder shipNotable Point
- Lexington & Saratoga Carrier Conception: Key Ship Series 3, Ships 10 &1130:52Saratoga's combat career and survivalNotable Point
- HMS Ark Royal(1937): Key Ships Series 3, Ship 942:12Ark Royal helped conceal the Taranto concentrationNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 70:21Why Illustrious protected her hangarChapter
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 78:00Radar changes the carrier-defence problemNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 715:24Eleven battle honours on the Illustrious nameNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 716:47The treaty compromise in Illustrious's designChapter
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 730:06Breaking up an air attackNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 734:07The single-seat fighter Illustrious was meant to carryNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 738:02The Ten Year Rule and Illustrious's timingNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 738:38Why Illustrious worked up at BermudaNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 738:46Illustrious enters the Mediterranean warChapter
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 740:03Why Fulmars needed a standing combat air patrolNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 743:27Benghazi: a night strike combining bombs and minesNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 745:20Attrition frustrated British multi-carrier doctrineNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 747:42Bomb damage exposes an armoured carrier's weak pointsChapter
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 753:19A shipboard fire tests the aircraft-replacement systemNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:01:22Shipboard workshops convert a Martlet's wingsNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:03:20Carrier aviation in the Madagascar invasionChapter
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:08:23Deck parking leaves room to maintain aircraftNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:09:26Swordfish and Martlets over Diego SuarezChapter
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:16:10Refit for faster aircraft and the Salerno landingsChapter
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:18:06Operation Governor and Queen Mary escort dutyChapter
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:22:31Operation Cockpit attacks Sabang's shore facilitiesChapter
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:27:39Why a carrier force needed a spare landing deckNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:29:15Corsairs direct the bombardment at SabangNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:32:48Striking Sumatran oil infrastructureChapter
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:36:11Friendly fire exposed an air-defence discipline gapNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:37:31Okinawa damage ends Illustrious's front-line warChapter
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:42:21Illustrious's short postwar jet-carrier careerNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:43:58Treaty limits and the path to the supercarrierNotable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:48:43Would deck-edge lifts have changed Illustrious?Notable Point
- HMS Illustrious: Key Ships Series 3, Ship 71:54:39Estimating the air group with deck-edge liftsNotable Point
- Bruships 113: Jutland1:27:37A balanced Royal Navy museum fleet after 1945Q&A
- Graf Zeppelin: Key Ships Series 2, Ship 126:11A large carrier for a modest air groupChapter
- Royal Navy retains the 'Fleet Units' of Royal Naval Air Service in 1918 - an Alternate History1:39:25A larger multi-carrier strike at TarantoChapter
- Soviet Navy 1918-19914:50:20Would airborne early warning have helped in the Falklands?Q&A
- Bruships 92: New Books, Naval Chat and Late 19th Century Warships...2:05:41Ralph Edwards from Bismarck operations to Third Sea LordQ&A
- Bruships 92: New Books, Naval Chat and Late 19th Century Warships...2:46:29Five museum ships chosen to fill gaps in naval preservationQ&A
- Bruships 90: Books From the Road2:18:13Warspite, Nubian, Illustrious, and a U-class submarine as a museum fleetQ&A
- Shortcomings of Early Aircraft Carriers: What Lessons can we Learn from Innovation?1:15:19Illustrious traded aircraft flexibility for armored protectionChapter
- Bruships 89: New Books (Christmas Recomendations) & Personal Accounts of War2:44:07The best wartime ship depends on its missionQ&A
- If the French Navy Fought on in 1940: Vive La France39:21A larger carrier force intensifies the Taranto raidNotable Point
- Major Allied Navies of WWII: Five Problems and How to Fix them January 19423:09Crete and Ark Royal constrained carrier support for Force ZChapter
- Major Allied Navies of WWII: Five Problems and How to Fix them January 194010:20How Illustrious-class carrier delays accumulatedChapter
- Naval History Questions: Live From The Brushack57:34Adding a second carrier to the Taranto strikeQ&A
- Naval History Questions: Live From The Brushack2:23:26Which carriers could survive Illustrious's punishmentQ&A
- Patreon 56: Why Retire Admirals in a World War? (Live)1:35:12Charles Lambe was not the Taranto aviatorQ&A
- Patreon 55: History of Survey Ships in the Royal Navy3:14:45The unrealized plan to replace four amphibious ships with two LHDsQ&A
- Sieges of Malta: Patreon 51 (Long Patrol)48:18The World War II siege's human and material costChapter
- Operation Tan No.2 (77yrs ago today)26:16Japanese expectations of British armored carriersQ&A
- Question Time: Answering Knight6831's Questions (Long Patrol)21:54A larger Taranto strike tests Italian repair capacityNotable Point
- Bruships: A Special - Questions/What ifs till the Bru runs out? (9)1:45:55Losing Illustrious could accelerate British carrier buildingQ&A
- Beacons; Finding Home When Alone Over The Ocean (Long Patrol)17:01Ark Royal and Illustrious show the beacon's moveNotable Point
- Bruships 64: Naval History & Sci-fi Books reviewed and Questions answered...2:56:46The logistical deadline behind the end of the Falklands WarQ&A
- Bruships 60: Covid Jab, Bad Back & New Books3:28:50Second World War ships worth preservingQ&A
- Battle of Taranto: The 81st Anniversary48:27Why Illustrious did not fill every aircraft space with SwordfishQ&A
- Battle of Taranto: The 81st Anniversary1:22:22How Illustrious was covered during the raidQ&A
- Battle of Taranto: The 81st Anniversary1:40:48What the loss of Glorious removed from the Taranto forceQ&A
- Battle of Taranto: The 81st Anniversary2:02:27Operation Judgment's small strike forceChapter
- Battle of Taranto: The 81st Anniversary2:12:03Launching Swordfish into a night operationNotable Point
- Battle of Taranto: The 81st Anniversary2:48:55Operational attrition beyond enemy fireNotable Point
- Battle of Taranto: The 81st Anniversary3:27:00What HMS Eagle might have changedNotable Point
- Battle of Taranto: The 81st Anniversary3:46:41How many torpedo strikes Illustrious could supportQ&A
- The Operation: Taranto Long Patrol p45:58Why Illustrious sent spaced strike wavesNotable Point
- The Operation: Taranto Long Patrol p49:06Eagle's absence reduces the strike forceChapter
- The Operation: Taranto Long Patrol p49:53How Illustrious launched Taranto's second waveNotable Point
- The Plan for Taranto: Taranto Long Patrol P39:29Carrier availability reshapes the strike planNotable Point
- The Plan for Taranto: Taranto Long Patrol P327:16The actual sortie strength and its range problemChapter
- The Plan for Taranto: Taranto Long Patrol P330:06A weapon system developed for Taranto's problemChapter
- WW2 in the Mediterranean up until November 1940: p2 Taranto Long Patrol7:32Cunningham’s smaller battle line had carrier expertiseChapter
- WW2 in the Mediterranean up until November 1940: p2 Taranto Long Patrol15:23Taranto was strategically vital but vulnerable to air attackChapter
- WW2 in the Mediterranean up until November 1940: p2 Taranto Long Patrol24:30The strike depended on a complex fleet operation and one carrierChapter
- The Beginnings of Naval Aerial Strike: p1 Taranto Long Patrol23:25Taranto and the fleet-size calculationNotable Point
- Operation Judgment: HMS Eagle Variance (the 10mins of lost sound from Operation MB8! - Long Patrol)10:02The limited Swordfish striking force at TarantoChapter
- Operation Judgment: HMS Eagle Variance (the 10mins of lost sound from Operation MB8! - Long Patrol)11:14A two-carrier plan for TarantoNotable Point
- Operation MB8 - Taranto's Big Picture... more than just Sinking Battleships! (Long Patrol)37:01Taranto depended on a balanced strike packageChapter
- Operation MB8 - Taranto's Big Picture... more than just Sinking Battleships! (Long Patrol)41:06Illustrious embodied a different carrier doctrineNotable Point
- Operation MB8 - Taranto's Big Picture... more than just Sinking Battleships! (Long Patrol)46:00The best operational plan may use the second-best tactical toolNotable Point
- Operation MB8 - Taranto's Big Picture... more than just Sinking Battleships! (Long Patrol)51:40A two-carrier model tests the limits of Taranto's resultNotable Point
- Bruships 58: Some Cool Books & Naval History Chat2:23:07Favourite World War II carriers and why stories matterQ&A
- Bruships: A Special - Questions/What ifs till the Bru runs out? (6)3:21:47Damage control that brought ships homeQ&A
- Churchill's Iniatives (WWII); Long patrol p2/3 - Force Z0:19Force Z and the carrier availability problemChapter
- Churchill's Iniatives (WWII); Long patrol p2/3 - Force Z8:19Illustrious-class build delaysNotable Point
- Churchill's Iniatives (WWII); Long patrol p2/3 - Force Z13:22What faster armored-carrier construction could changeNotable Point
- A Book or Two to Review (16): Carrier, A Century of First-Hand Accounts of Naval Operations...9:18Illustrious under sustained air attackChapter
- A Book or Two to Review (16): Carrier, A Century of First-Hand Accounts of Naval Operations...12:32Rebuilding Illustrious's air group after the attackNotable Point
- Aircraft Carriers of the 1920s & 1930s2:44:16Why interwar admirals usually commanded from battleshipsQ&A
- Amphion Class Cruisers: Long Patrol36:48Mediterranean carrier attrition drained the Far East planNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 3 of 3: Ripples in Musso's Pond11:27Why a second strike at Taranto was not pursuedNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 3 of 3: Ripples in Musso's Pond30:26Taranto becomes a lesson for Pacific naviesChapter
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 2 of 3: Fleet Air Arm's Finest Hour2:25Charles Lamb's reconnaissance errand and unofficial wartime historyNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 2 of 3: Fleet Air Arm's Finest Hour4:26Convoy dispersal conceals the northward turnNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 2 of 3: Fleet Air Arm's Finest Hour11:35A neutral US Navy observer watches the strike briefingNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 2 of 3: Fleet Air Arm's Finest Hour13:07Contaminated aviation fuel costs another SwordfishNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 2 of 3: Fleet Air Arm's Finest Hour1:03:39How Illustrious recovered aircraft in darknessNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 2 of 3: Fleet Air Arm's Finest Hour1:06:02Rapid repairs keep the second wave viableNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 2 of 3: Fleet Air Arm's Finest Hour1:09:41Repairability keeps an air group flying beyond the first dayNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 1 of 3: Origins of the Flash in the Dark33:06French participation and a hypothetical larger carrier strikeNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 1 of 3: Origins of the Flash in the Dark39:19Why Illustrious changed Cunningham's optionsNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 1 of 3: Origins of the Flash in the Dark46:40A hangar fire delays the operationNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 1 of 3: Origins of the Flash in the Dark50:09The hangar fire revives an unadopted rubber-hammer recommendationNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 1 of 3: Origins of the Flash in the Dark54:04Naval air engineers restore Illustrious's damaged air groupNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 1 of 3: Origins of the Flash in the Dark1:26:24Eagle reinforces Illustrious despite staying in portNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 1 of 3: Origins of the Flash in the Dark1:29:27Fulmars transfer through Malta to reinforce IllustriousNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 1 of 3: Origins of the Flash in the Dark1:31:21Deck parks and outriggers make room for extra fightersNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 1 of 3: Origins of the Flash in the Dark1:36:52Carrier fighters create a reconnaissance blind spot east of MaltaNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 1 of 3: Origins of the Flash in the Dark1:38:33Armoured carrier design trades air-group size for survivabilityNotable Point
- Bilgepumps Taranto 80 part 1 of 3: Origins of the Flash in the Dark1:41:18A few Fulmars disrupt fifteen SM.79 bombersNotable Point
- Battle of Taranto - a Stringbag Strike from the Dark0:47How carrier problems delayed and reduced the raidChapter
- Battle of Taranto - a Stringbag Strike from the Dark40:35Why Fulmars did not escort the raidQ&A
- Battle of Taranto - a Stringbag Strike from the Dark1:26:56Who commanded the Taranto operation?Q&A
- Battle of Taranto - a Stringbag Strike from the Dark1:56:14Why battleships did not follow the air strike ashoreQ&A
- Battle of Taranto - a Stringbag Strike from the Dark2:00:47How much larger could the strike have been?Q&A
- Battle of Taranto - a Stringbag Strike from the Dark2:29:35Tailoring the torpedoes for TarantoNotable Point
- Battle of Taranto - a Stringbag Strike from the Dark2:34:11Illustrious makes her own launch windNotable Point
- Battle of Taranto - a Stringbag Strike from the Dark2:39:14Repairing a Swordfish in twenty-four minutesNotable Point
- Battle of Taranto - a Stringbag Strike from the Dark2:41:24When an unexpected Swordfish returned earlyNotable Point
- Battle of Taranto - a Stringbag Strike from the Dark3:12:28Finding Illustrious without revealing herNotable Point
- Battle of Taranto - a Stringbag Strike from the Dark3:19:26Celebration, exhaustion, and Cunningham's signalNotable Point
- Battle of Taranto - a Stringbag Strike from the Dark3:21:09Why a second raid was not carried outNotable Point
- Battle of Taranto - a Stringbag Strike from the Dark3:28:00Why Italy did not find Illustrious after launchQ&A
- Four Random Books 3: Naval Aviation in a Swordfish0:35Sea Flight and the Fleet Air Arm's global warChapter
- Four Random Books 3: Naval Aviation in a Swordfish10:49Naval Wings: a Swordfish pilot's wider warChapter
- HMS Formidable: A Special Chat With Jamie from Armoured Carriers2:31A diversion to an Eastern Mediterranean short of carriersChapter
- HMS Formidable: A Special Chat With Jamie from Armoured Carriers9:38A small air group sustaining continuous patrolsNotable Point
- HMS Formidable: A Special Chat With Jamie from Armoured Carriers26:43The abandoned rocket distraction for TarantoNotable Point
- HMS Formidable: A Special Chat With Jamie from Armoured Carriers58:55Illustrious collides with Formidable after their repairsNotable Point
- Patreon Video 4: Tsingtao 1939 Goes Hot...2:19:15Lexington's guns and an accelerated HMS IllustriousQ&A
- Bru Ships Episode 12: New to Me Themed Books to Review & a general Q/A1:57:42A visual guide to the wartime Fleet Air ArmNotable Point
- Introuduction to Refits/Taking Care of Buisness Allied Style11:41Illustrious follows a staged route from bomb damage to recoveryNotable Point
- Introuduction to Refits/Taking Care of Buisness Allied Style13:29Illustrious's American refit doubles as an alliance publicity tourNotable Point
- Introuduction to Refits/Taking Care of Buisness Allied Style14:00Persistent steering trouble sends Illustrious through repeated refitsNotable Point
- Aircraft Carriers the Debate - Dr Alex Clarke vs Armoured Carrier's Jamie1:15:32How British carriers operated in wartimeQ&A
- Aircraft Carriers the Debate - Dr Alex Clarke vs Armoured Carrier's Jamie1:28:55Was the 1944 Eastern Fleet the doctrine's high point?Q&A
- Aircraft Carriers the Debate - Dr Alex Clarke vs Armoured Carrier's Jamie1:39:49Make do and mend as an operational doctrineChapter
- Aircraft Carriers the Debate - Dr Alex Clarke vs Armoured Carrier's Jamie1:45:19Why British carrier history remained hard to seeChapter
- Tribal, Battle & Daring Class Destroyers - A live stream19:26Deck-penetrating turrets shaped the Battle-class layoutChapter