Which carriers could survive Illustrious's punishment

Could another carrier have survived the damage Illustrious took during Operation Excess?

Probably only her armored-carrier sisters, whose protected hangars were designed around surviving heavy attack.

Illustrious's sister ships are the closest candidates, rather than unarmored carriers. British armored fleet carriers accepted smaller air groups in exchange for protection intended to keep them operating under heavy attack. Ark Royal was strong but emphasized the strike role and a larger air group without the same armored hangar. Carrier survivability followed from a deliberate mission tradeoff rather than size alone.