Criticism of Maund's immediate response is separated from the wider command decisions that kept an overworked carrier operating without the maintenance it needed.
HMS Hermes demonstrates the limits of damage control when a carrier without embarked fighters or an adequate escort group is found by a massed air strike.
Lexington continued operating after torpedo and bomb hits, but undetected aviation-fuel vapour caused the later explosions that forced her abandonment.
The attack reversed Japanese doctrine's intended sequence, and destroying aircraft after torpedo release could no longer prevent their weapons from reaching Lexington.
Outside power, pumps, and towing gave Yorktown another chance, until a submarine attack and Hammann's exploding depth charges ended the salvage effort.
Eagle's rapid loss during Operation Pedestal shows how torpedo hits distributed along the hull can overwhelm stability before repair parties have time to act.
The treaty argument explains why awareness of torpedo danger did not necessarily translate into adequate protection within fixed displacement and fleet-size limits.
The Jeune Ecole example shows how a strategy built around torpedo boats could lose effectiveness when gunfire prevented them from reaching launch range.
An ancient retreat anecdote illustrates the interpretation that Japanese attackers preferred a less forbidding target when Saratoga appeared ready to resist.
The Eastern Solomons attack shows why fighters must break up a strike before it enters the carrier's anti-aircraft engagement zone rather than chase dive bombers through friendly fire.
The failed Japanese follow-up strike and a British night-strike counterfactual show how contact information could determine whether an attack found its target.
Wasp's loss shows how a concentrated submarine torpedo attack can combine hull breaches with aviation-fuel and ammunition hazards faster than repair parties can contain them.
Falling hangar aircraft, aviation-fuel vapour, and ammunition explosions escalated Wasp's fires while damage disabled the systems needed to fight them.
Hornet's continued buoyancy raises practical questions about recovering damaged warships and sustaining the machinery needed to return them to service.
Engine dependence creates a maintenance choice between scarce spares, lengthy machinery replacement, and the difficulties of building domestic production.
Hornet's defence shows how investment in alpha strikes, technology, and attack practice did not automatically produce a mature radar-directed fighter-control system.
Hornet's loss at the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands follows a carrier through aircraft and bomb impacts, loss of propulsion, towing, renewed attack, and difficult scuttling.
Indomitable's flooded machinery space introduces an engineering advantage of electric drive: engines can be positioned and protected with greater freedom.
Carrier officers needed practical training to overcome habits learned on other warships, even when the correct counter-flooding doctrine already existed.
A hit beside a large machinery space caused exceptional flooding, although reserve buoyancy left uncertainty about Indomitable's immediate risk of sinking.
Closely spaced kamikaze impacts ignited Bunker Hill's armed aircraft and forced a command transfer, yet the carrier retained enough propulsion to return to Ulithi at 20 knots.
Specialist briefings let captains challenge unfamiliar procedures and understand why a carrier may require counter-flooding before a full damage assessment.
A counterfactual interwar shift toward electric drive tests machinery protection, redundant power routes, and possible batteries against the limits of contemporary technology.