Dreadnoughts from Around the World (1905-14): 1911

The 1911 King George V class combined a continuous 12-inch belt and ten 13.5-inch guns with a 420-nautical-mile loss in cruising range.

Queen Mary's 42 boilers and 70,000 shaft horsepower bought about 28 knots, revealing the machinery cost of early battlecruiser speed.

Ordered as Rio de Janeiro and later known as HMS Agincourt, Brazil's seven-turret design sought regional prestige through a fourteen-gun broadside.

The Ottoman order that became HMS Erin brought an Orion-derived battleship into the eastern Mediterranean naval rivalry.

Kongo joined 14-inch guns to about 27.5 knots, while Britain's continued use of 13.5-inch weapons was tied to logistics.

Chile's Almirante Latorre combined ten 14-inch guns, oil-sprayed coal, and a speed of 22.75 knots.

Almirante Latorre and the US New York class placed ten 14-inch guns at the centre of the 1911 international capital-ship race.

The New York class used oil-sprayed coal boilers, selective superheating, and vertical triple-expansion engines to exceed its designed power.

The New York class concentrated propulsion risk in two shafts, raising a counterfactual case for four-shaft redundancy despite added weight and space.

Uncertain oil supplies and coal dependence constrained Kaiser-class machinery and fighting power.

Seydlitz carried heavier armour than Queen Mary, but smaller guns, lower speed, and a restrictive turret layout limited how that protection translated into battlecruiser advantage.

Germany's continued reliance on twin turrets exposed limits in what its yards and supporting infrastructure could build, move, and support.

Germany's attempt to deter Britain with a fleet built explicitly against it risked provoking the maritime power to preserve an even larger margin of superiority.