War disrupts finance, suppliers, and Black Sea yards

The war with Ukraine imposes costs on Russian naval procurement through spending, supply disruption, and damage to infrastructure. These pressures began in 2014 and increased sharply after 2022. Russia continues to earn money, but restricted trade access, a higher cost of doing business, and direct wartime spending reduce the resources available for other projects. Russia also lost access to Ukrainian gas turbines that had supported its surface-ship programmes. Black Sea yards have become less available because of territorial loss, attacks, and the need to maintain and repair ships in an active war zone. These pressures help explain the choice to pursue improved Gorshkov frigates while deferring a much more demanding Lider-type status ship.