Was Vickers excluded from Japanese naval contracts?
Short answerThe explanation offered is that Vickers' British operation avoided competing against Japanese yards it helped run.
NotesVickers helped run several Japanese yards, so bids from its British operation could compete against its own overseas interests. Armstrong also operated in Japan but remained more willing to compete from Britain. Both companies had American operations, while Vickers' involvement extended to the Spanish arsenal. Bribery scandals are acknowledged, although the explanation offered for the missing British bids is the company's relationship with Japanese yards.