Q&A · 23:49-24:28

Writing treaty rules without inviting evasions

A question about creative accounting leads to the problem of making naval treaty rules enforceable.

Question

How could an equitable treaty work if participants used creative accounting?

Short answer

No rule set eliminates evasion, but broad limits are less likely to manufacture loopholes than highly detailed restrictions.

Notes

Creative accounting is treated as an unavoidable feature of arms control rather than a surprise that can be legislated away. Excessive specificity gives governments and designers more boundaries to reinterpret, while broader restrictions leave fewer manufactured loopholes. The later London treaties tried to prevent evasion through detailed provisions and produced a different set of incentives. The practical choice is between broad limits that are easier to enforce and intricate rules that signatories can game.