Did First World War navies operate land-based aircraft capable of carrying torpedoes?
Short answerYes, several nations were developing them, although most contemporary operational torpedo aircraft were still seaplanes or floatplanes.
NotesLand-based torpedo bombers were not an anachronism in this period. Several navies were working on them, and land-based testing contributed to the development of aerial torpedo delivery. The operational balance nevertheless remained weighted toward seaplanes and floatplanes during the war. This distinction separates the availability of the weapon concept from the slower creation of a carrier-ready strike system.