Expansion by one navy drives construction elsewhere. A Japanese battleship program could push Soviet naval planning earlier, leave Germany further behind, and make Britain and France harder targets in the 1930s. Continuous programs might also expand testing and experimentation, although an early correction of the United States Navy's torpedo problems remains doubtful. Naval aircraft-engine research beginning around 1931 could leave Germany with more ground to recover when open rearmament began. More expenditure would still leave institutional problems unresolved, including the French Army's difficulties with radios. War could still follow, with different naval and industrial positions reshaping crises such as Abyssinia and the course of German rearmament.
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Arms-race knock-on effects before World War II
Earlier naval construction could alter Soviet, German, Italian, and British choices before World War II.