Warships After London on torpedo protection

The book compares the air-liquid-air systems favoured by Britain, France, Italy, and the United States with Japan's dry armored-bulkhead approach. It also describes the space-efficient Pugliese cylinder and older British crush tubes. Liquid systems distributed blast energy through alternating void and filled compartments, while dry systems relied on strong inboard bulkheads. Wartime results showed that depth, construction quality, and the ability to contain flooding mattered as much as the nominal system type.