Queen Bee drones for naval anti-aircraft practice

How did navies before the Second World War practice firing at aerial targets?

The Royal Navy used Queen Bee radio-controlled aircraft, often flown from carriers, as targets for live anti-aircraft practice.

Prewar fleets did not have to tow every aerial target behind a piloted aircraft. The Royal Navy converted older aircraft types into Queen Bee radio-controlled targets and could operate them from carriers. Ships then fired against these unmanned aircraft. Anti-aircraft crews and systems could be tested against a moving airborne target while standards evolved with the threat.