How European navies secured shipbuilding timber

Where did other European navies obtain shipbuilding timber, and did they maintain forests like Britain?

Methods varied between managed state forests, private markets, and bargains with landowners, with inconsistent supply quality and continuity.

Denmark and Sweden tried managed forestry, while France moved through several national programs without maintaining one consistent system. Other powers bought timber on open markets or negotiated with nobles and landowners. Venice illustrates the strategic weakness of depending on suppliers whose interests did not necessarily align with the navy's need for high-quality wood. Britain sometimes produced enough timber to select the best material for itself and sell the surplus, helping explain differences in the shipbuilding quality.