Mediterranean convoys as full-spectrum combat

Mediterranean convoy warfare differed from the North Atlantic because opposing convoys and their escorts could meet as combat formations. Escort planning had to account for submarines, aircraft, and large surface combatants at the same time. Force K and the Italian battle fleet could turn a supply movement into a fleet engagement with little warning. That danger explains why Harpoon, Vigorous, and similar operations could require comprehensive forces, including 16-inch-gun battleships when available.