What follows when a lieutenant challenges the sailing master

What would happen to a lieutenant who verbally accosted the sailing master?

The captain would deal with him, and the situation would be worse if the ship's master and commander were the same officer.

The confrontation would become a disciplinary matter for the ship's captain. A larger vessel could have a sailing master distinct from the officer commanding the ship. On a smaller vessel the master and commander could be the same person. In that case the lieutenant would have accosted the captain directly, making the situation still more serious.