Britain wanted numerous globally deployable air-defence ships, France primarily needed escorts for Charles de Gaulle, and Italy sought an additional capability within a different fleet plan. Those requirements shaped different sizes, systems, and procurement priorities. The case shows why common multinational equipment can succeed even when a single standardized hull cannot. Britain ultimately retained the shared missile and radar work in Type 45 while rearranging it within a larger hull suited to Royal Navy range and operating requirements.
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Why the Horizon partnership split
Britain, France, and Italy could share technology but not one Horizon ship because their fleet sizes and concepts of operation differed.