How far back would reform need to begin to give the Fleet Air Arm a better aircraft lineup in September 1939?
Short answerAbout 1930 or 1931, allowing roughly two aircraft generations and six years of development before the required 1937 designs.
NotesThe counterfactual asks how far back an intervention must reach to improve the Fleet Air Arm's aircraft at the outbreak of war. At least two generations of aircraft development would be needed. Working backward from the designs required by 1937 leads to roughly 1930 or 1931. Procurement outcomes visible in 1939 were shaped by design decisions and institutional choices made many years earlier.