What would naval war in World War II look like without aircraft carriers?
Short answerSurface actions resembling a larger Dogger Bank would occur around the world, with fast gun forces searching for and engaging one another.
NotesRemoving the carrier does not simply recreate Jutland. Fleets still operate globally and often meet through fast detachments rather than one concentrated battle line. Those conditions favour cruiser and battlecruiser encounters spread across several theatres. Dogger Bank is therefore the more useful pattern for the resulting gun actions.