The tactical options included individual sniping, mass, mass supported by gunfire, sniping in darkness, and mass coordinated with maneuver. Each approach tried to compensate for the uncertainty of getting a straight-running weapon to the point where a target would be. The common weakness was the temptation to assume that enough torpedoes automatically guaranteed a hit. Reliability, aim, prediction, and enemy movement all remained part of the problem.
Chapter · 59:22-1:03:17
Four ways navies tried to make torpedoes decisive
Sniping, mass attack, firepower-supported mass, night sniping, and maneuver-supported mass represent distinct approaches to surface-ship torpedo tactics.