Could earlier modernization and better machinery indirectly save a British capital ship from a later lucky hit?
Short answerPossibly, because a stronger carrier fleet could alter Norway, Mers-el-Kebir, and Taranto enough to reduce pressure on British battleships and create time for refits.
NotesIf lighter restrictions and modernization kept Courageous and Glorious available, Norway might unfold differently. Additional carriers could then reinforce Mers-el-Kebir or the Taranto raid and inflict greater damage on French or Italian capital ships. Reduced Mediterranean pressure would free British battleships and open refit opportunities elsewhere. One surviving capability can reshape later deployments and exposure to risk.