How close are independent, solar-powered, AI-controlled submarines?
Short answerThe November 2024 assessment is that solar and battery capacity remain inadequate, while a reactor-powered alternative would still face autonomy and weapons-control questions.
NotesSunlight weakens in seawater, so a solar submarine would need long periods on the surface to recharge. Computing is only part of its load: propulsion, navigation, sensors, and thermal management also need energy. A 450-watt graphics card illustrates the computing demand, with several cards envisaged for timely autonomous decisions. Battery and photovoltaic capacity are judged inadequate for the proposed vessel. A small-reactor alternative is considered possible only if a state trusts the control software, particularly for lethal decisions. Reflections from solar panels and deterioration from salt spray introduce further concealment and maintenance problems.