Ships and boarding teams behind maritime sanctions

Maritime sanctions enforcement resembles economic blockade because both restrict trade and access to goods. Enforcing a declared policy against traffic such as a shadow fleet requires ships. Britain's ageing Type 23 frigates and reduced Type 45 order illustrate the argument about limited hull availability. A merchant captain may disregard a message while continuing through international waters. The example of a warship arriving with a boarding team explains how physical presence changes that encounter. This is an account of coercive capability, rather than a determination of the legal authority for any particular boarding.