Night attacks are not automatic carrier doctrine

Would a German carrier have survived longer than Bismarck on its first sortie?

Probably not, because the Royal Navy would likely accept the risk of a night strike against a carrier even when it avoided that risk against Bismarck.

Night carrier operations carried a real risk of striking friendly ships shadowing the target. The Royal Navy avoided that danger against Bismarck because it had already achieved a daytime torpedo hit and could maintain contact. A German carrier would have been an urgent enough target to make the same risk acceptable. The decision depended on the target and tactical situation rather than a general preference for night attacks.