The land war made the Tsingtao confrontation more volatile. During the Nanking Massacre, a Nazi Party member helped organize a safety zone for civilians. Wuhan fell in October 1938 as air raids against civilian areas became a growing feature of the conflict. Comparison with the Spanish Civil War also shows how unevenly distant wars attracted international attention and volunteers.
Notable Point · 13:29-15:29
Nanking, Wuhan, and the war behind the naval crisis
The Nanking Massacre, the capture of Wuhan, and air raids on civilian areas show the violence already surrounding any foreign naval intervention in China.