Does a lower bullets-per-kill ratio make muzzle-loading muskets more effective than modern rifles?
Short answerNo; modern forces expend ammunition on range, suppression, protection, and movement as well as direct hits.
NotesThe question compares muzzle-loading muskets favorably with modern rifles because older weapons can appear to use fewer bullets for each casualty. Modern rifles operate at much longer ranges and support tactics built around fire for effect. Ammunition suppresses enemy movement, protects friendly troops, and creates opportunities to maneuver even when no immediate casualty results. A bullets-per-kill ratio therefore measures only one outcome and misses the tactical work done by the rest of the fire.