Malta's submarines, Force K warships and aircraft all pressed Axis supply to North Africa, and their combined effect mattered even when coordination was imperfect. Mass mobilization put rapidly changing technology and enlarged organisations into action before doctrine and working relationships had caught up. The services improved their systems as the war continued. Postwar demobilisation could then disperse the people and habits that held institutional knowledge.
Chapter · 36:14-38:20
Malta's layered offensive and coordination problem
Submarines, Force K and Malta-based aircraft weakened Axis logistics together, but rapid wartime expansion made their coordination difficult.