Why one larger battleship does not dictate the next generation

Would a ten-gun Revenge class mean eight-gun Renowns and a twelve-gun Hood?

No. Later designers could spend the changed displacement in several ways, and new turret, speed, protection, and doctrine choices prevent a reliable linear extrapolation.

A larger Revenge does not lead mechanically to heavier armament for Renown and Hood because each new class responds to different requirements, machinery, turret development, budgets, and strategic judgments. Renown might become larger and faster while retaining six guns, and a twelve-gun Hood would require the separate decision to adopt triple turrets. Beyond the first generation after a divergence, alternate naval history becomes an argued scenario whose assumptions should be stated rather than a predictable design sequence.