Why large carriers generate air power more efficiently

Is there a book comparing the advantages and disadvantages of large and small aircraft carriers?

No specific book is recommended. The explanation instead emphasises more efficient use of fixed ship spaces, a longer flight deck, and enough spare aircraft to sustain patrols and strikes.

Command and control spaces and much of the engineering plant impose similar demands on large and small carriers, so they occupy a smaller share of the larger ship. Extra deck length also improves the space available for take-off and landing. A larger air group provides replacements when individual aircraft become unserviceable. In the example, losing one aircraft from a group of 36 still leaves 35 from which to provide a strike and combat air patrol. A 16-aircraft group divided into two eight-aircraft tasks has no equivalent margin: one unserviceable aircraft forces a reduction in either the strike or the patrol. Removing one aircraft from the eight-aircraft strike cuts its strength by 12.5 percent. These are illustrative force-planning numbers, not a claim that every carrier operates an identical cycle.