How interwar fleet problems simulated damage

How did interwar fleet exercises calculate damage to ships and aircraft?

Ship damage used points based on benchmark shell hits, and bomb effects were compared with those shells. The method for assessing damage to aircraft is uncertain.

Interwar exercises needed rules for deciding when a ship counted as damaged or sunk. American damage capacity used the effect of a 14-inch shell as a benchmark, while the British system used a 15-inch shell. Ships received points according to the number of those hits they were judged able to withstand. Bomb damage could then be compared with the same reference shell. How the exercises assessed damage to aircraft themselves remains uncertain, with dice suggested as a possible method.