Was the Imperial Japanese Navy's distant support between forces caused by factionalism or communications limits?
Short answerBoth, together with operational culture; the weaknesses reinforced one another rather than operating separately.
NotesNo single cause explains the Imperial Japanese Navy's weak operational support. Institutional rivalry shaped commanders' willingness to cooperate. Communications limited what dispersed forces could coordinate, while established operational habits magnified both problems. Organization, technology, and doctrine reinforced one another.