What might the Royal Navy have done if the Arctic had been reliably ice-free in the Age of Sail?
Short answerIt would gain new routes against Russia and toward the Pacific, substantially changing the strategic geography of northern waters.
NotesAn ice-free Arctic would put Russia in a much more difficult strategic position. Open water along the coasts would give British forces routes and operational choices unavailable in the historical climate, including access toward the Pacific. Those routes would change the approaches that Russia would have to defend and the directions from which British sailing fleets could operate.