A technical guide to Second World War U-boats

Hitler's Attack U-Boats is recommended for diagrams, plans and equipment detail. Its examples include small boats and rescue buoys as well as deck guns and anti-aircraft weapons. Firing from a pitching submarine imposed practical limits on the guns. Improved late-war weapons reached few boats before Germany abandoned surface anti-aircraft fighting. The remaining force was supposed to operate more fully submerged, although the assessment here doubts how completely that aim was achieved.