Graf Spee's avoidance of Cumberland illustrates deterrence at the operational level. A County-class cruiser brings eight-inch guns and torpedoes, enough to damage a larger raider even if it cannot win a conventional duel. The German ship has no secure repair base, so any serious damage can end its cruise. A heavy cruiser therefore protects shipping by making an undefended target elsewhere more attractive, turning the threat of a costly fight into convoy defence.
Notable Point · 1:38:41-1:40:24
Why one County cruiser could deter a pocket battleship
A raider can win a cruiser engagement yet lose its campaign if damage forces it to abandon commerce warfare and return home.