The last formal comparison pits the modernised Duke of York concept against eight 1910-era German dreadnoughts, a technology gap of about forty years. Limited subdivision gives the older designs another survivability disadvantage before the guns even open fire. Their 13-inch weapons now reach about 24 kilometres, so entering secondary-battery range would expose the modern ship to a large volume of heavy shells. The test asks whether newer sensors, speed, protection, and rapid-firing guns can offset an entire squadron. It sets a clear boundary on claims that technology can substitute for numbers.
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Testing forty years of technology against numbers
The final controlled round asks whether one nominally 1950s battleship equals a full squadron built with 1910 technology.