What risky age-of-sail decision looked extravagant but paid off over time?
Short answerThe Royal Navy's adoption of copper sheathing was extremely expensive but preserved hull performance and became a durable fleet advantage.
NotesCopper sheathing reduced fouling and helped ships retain performance for longer deployments. Applying it fleet-wide required expensive material, dry-dock time, and often exposed other repair needs once a hull was out of the water. The strategic payoff came from durable speed and readiness rather than a spectacular single-ship improvement.