The Queen Elizabeth-class radar horizon can help a smaller Type 23 cue Sea Ceptor earlier than the frigate's own mast would allow. Type 45 trials, meanwhile, suggested that the destroyers work better as relatively independent nodes that assist one another rather than as a tight pair. Different Arleigh Burke flights create a related integration problem because modernization does not erase every hardware and software difference between generations.
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Exercises reveal how sensors and destroyers should cooperate
Higher carrier sensors can extend an escort's engagement picture, while repeated exercises show that nominally similar destroyers may work best at different spacing and in different roles.