How heavy gun turrets were fabricated

Were major naval gun turrets cast, riveted, or welded?

All three methods appeared, but large navies often preferred casting where their industrial capacity allowed it.

Construction practice varied between navies and turret sizes, so no single method covers every case. Casting offers a strong solution for very large components but demands exceptional foundry capacity. Riveting remained possible, while some builders explored casting major sections and welding them together. Those hybrid methods carried their own reliability risks, making turret manufacture an industrial problem as much as a drawing-office decision.