Could carrier aircraft attack during a surface battle without hitting friendly ships?

Could carrier aircraft make torpedo attacks while friendly and enemy capital ships were already engaged?

Yes, if they attacked from a forward unengaged sector that kept their approach out of friendly gunfire and sent missed torpedoes behind, rather than through, the friendly line.

A torpedo attack during a surface engagement creates two separate friendly-fire problems. Aircraft must avoid flying through the line of their own ships' shellfire. Their weapons must also be aimed so that a torpedo which passes the target does not continue into a friendly hull. An approach from the enemy's forward unengaged quarter can meet both requirements. From that geometry, misses continue away from the friendly battle line while the aircraft remain clear of the main surface firing axis.