How aircraft range expresses carrier doctrine

How did the ranges of British, American, and Japanese carrier aircraft fit their navies' doctrines?

The comparison links American and Japanese aircraft to concentrated strikes and British aircraft to repeated, often nocturnal attacks. Useful radius, survivability and support for troops ashore all shape the design.

The B7A Grace, Fairey Spearfish and Grumman Avenger provide the examples for comparing stated range with useful strike radius. Fuel must cover finding the target and returning to a carrier that can move only within the aircraft's recovery reach. The rough examples put British and American strike radii around 450-500 miles and the Japanese aircraft near 900 miles. The calculation switches between miles and nautical miles, which limits comparison of these approximate figures. Both American and Japanese doctrine are characterised here as seeking a large concentrated blow, while British doctrine favours repeated attacks, especially at night with radar support. Long Japanese range is interpreted as a way to keep the carriers distant; suicide attacks were a later contingency, not the premise of these aircraft designs. Mediterranean exposure to land-based fighters creates different survivability demands from a long ocean crossing. Requirements for supporting troops ashore also affect aircraft design.