What examples show naval raw materials coming from unexpected foreign sources?
Short answerThe examples include Scandinavian masts, lead imported from Portugal and Spain, and Swedish iron ore whose supply continued through third-party carriers during the Anglo-Swedish War.
NotesThe Royal Navy's material requirements extended beyond British sources. Scandinavian timber supplied masts, while lead came from the Mendips and imports from Portugal and Spain. Britain is described as importing Swedish iron ore from the 1700s and maintaining that supply even during the Anglo-Swedish War. Third-party carriers kept the trade moving because neither side wanted to break its contracts. This continuity prompts an interpretation of capitalism as an evolution of mercantilism, with capital replacing products as the principal object of control.