Japanese army-navy friction and wasted industry

How much of Japan's industrial potential was wasted by army-navy friction and incompatible standards?

Alex reports colleagues' estimate that cooperation could have produced up to 20 percent more than Japan achieved, while making clear that he has not researched the figure himself.

Alex cites an estimate from colleagues that better army-navy cooperation could have raised Japanese industrial output by as much as 20 percent above what Japan achieved. He explicitly says he has not done that research himself. The question uses slightly different bolt gauges as an example of incompatible service standards. Realising the estimated gain would have required the Army and Navy to give up some separate practices and work together.