Why did the West German Navy operate land-based Starfighters and Tornados during the Cold War?
Short answerThey were high-speed, low-level maritime strike aircraft intended to attack the Soviet Baltic Fleet, not carrier aircraft duplicating the air force.
NotesThe aircraft belonged to a naval strike concept built around fast, low-level attacks against Soviet ships in confined Baltic waters. They operated from land rather than carriers because the mission was to interdict the Soviet Baltic Fleet rapidly from nearby bases. Their role resembled the Royal Navy's use of the Buccaneer for low-level maritime attack. Germany's demanding low-altitude employment also helps explain why its Starfighter experience differed from American service.