Was Brazil's dreadnought program mere machismo, or did it have a strategic rationale?
Short answerIt had a real rationale in trade protection and regional deterrence, though prestige also mattered.
NotesBrazil had substantial maritime commerce and lived in a region marked by wars, border disputes, and unofficial violence. A modern fleet protected the ports and trade on which that prosperity depended. The dreadnoughts also deterred neighbors and outside second-tier powers that might exploit a local crisis. Prestige mattered, but the strategic requirement was credible force in a region where unofficial clashes could escalate quickly.