Why Zoutman may have waited to open fire

Zoutman's decision to hold fire can be criticized without treating it as irrational. An earlier broadside might have disrupted Parker's ragged approach before the British reached close range. Zoutman may have distrusted his crews' long-range accuracy or judged the conditions unsuitable. Firing at distance could also have consumed powder without useful effect. His choice shows how ammunition, training, range, and expected damage shaped tactical judgment.