Would women rulers change how often states fight?

Would history contain more or fewer conflicts if the world's rulers had all been women?

There is no agreed answer: predictions of more conflict are opposed by arguments about similar motives and decisions involving more than one ruler.

Replacing male rulers with women produces no agreed prediction of war frequency. Some participants predict more conflict, while Clarke expects little change because people of either gender can fight for similar reasons. He also suggests that less secure positions could place additional pressure on historical queens to demonstrate authority. Another contribution emphasizes that taking a nation to war increasingly involves more than one decision-maker. The later dueling and family anecdotes illustrate the participants' arguments, but supply no comparative conflict count.