Why Starlink is difficult to jam

Why has Russia struggled to jam Starlink effectively?

Directional satellite links and the very large constellation make broad, persistent jamming or spoofing expensive and difficult.

A satellite terminal communicates upward rather than broadcasting laterally across a wide terrestrial area. An attacker may overload or spoof particular links or satellites, but Starlink's numbers create a difficult scaling problem. Destroying satellites would carry still larger technical and political consequences.