The Malta convoys provide cases in which overwhelming air power still did not produce mathematical certainty. War remains full of human participants who make errors, correct them, improvise, and sometimes get lucky. One side can execute its plan properly and still meet an unforeseen idea or fortunate decision from its opponent. A force designed only around ideal calculations is therefore brittle when combat departs from the model.
Notable Point · 1:05:33-1:06:51
War is not a mathematical certainty
The Malta convoys show why even overwhelming firepower and careful calculations cannot remove human error, adaptation, or luck from warfare.