For Philip II, the preferred outcome was removing Elizabeth and conquering England, with coercive political concessions as a lesser result. Those concessions might have ended English support for the Netherlands, reduced the navy, imposed compensation, and accepted Spanish and Catholic political dominance. Elizabeth's immediate test was remaining on the throne. England's test was preventing an invasion, regardless of how many Spanish ships survived.
Chapter ยท 29:26-31:49
Define victory before judging the Armada
The campaign's outcome looks clearer when Spanish war aims and English defensive aims are measured separately.