How the US Navy attacked ships before Harpoon

How did the United States Navy plan to sink enemy ships in the 1960s before widespread shipborne anti-ship missiles?

It relied chiefly on carrier aircraft and submarines, with gunfire available at shorter ranges, rather than assigning every surface ship a dedicated missile.

Carrier aircraft could deliver bombs and air-launched weapons far beyond the horizon of a surface ship. Submarines offered another major anti-ship arm, including upgraded boats inherited from the Second World War. Cruisers and destroyers still carried guns for engagements inside surface range. The absence of a Harpoon-like shipboard missile therefore reflected a fleet architecture that distributed the mission across aviation, submarines, and gun-armed ships.