Why Black Sea pressure is not a close blockade

Do developments in the Black Sea mean close blockade tactics have returned?

Not in the strict sense: naval movement is constrained, but commerce continues and both sides are conducting limited economic warfare rather than a complete close blockade.

A submarine used for a close blockade would be tied to a restricted operating area, losing some of its freedom of movement. In the January 2025 assessment of the Black Sea, continuing commercial traffic is the reason to reject the claim that Ukraine is conducting a close blockade. Restricting naval movements alone does not meet that definition. Russian operations also face difficulties with parts, sustainment and crews used as infantry. Both sides retain options for wider attacks on canals and ports, but more extensive economic warfare risks escalation. The suggestion that such attacks would signal exhaustion is an interpretation of their restraint.