Italian wartime experience also illustrates the mechanics of submarine attack. Slow-running torpedoes may delay detection, but accelerating weapons and wire-guidance decisions constrain the firing boat's movements. Nominal maximum range is less important than the shorter distances at which commanders can expect a reliable hit and leave the weapon room to maneuver. On this assessment, Italian torpedoes were generally capable and reliable because much of their design rested on tried-and-tested technology, although they had some faults. That proximity makes a prepared withdrawal as important as the initial ambush.
Notable Point · 46:22-47:39
A torpedo attack begins the submarine's escape problem
Practical torpedo attacks occur well inside maximum range, so firing exposes the submarine close enough that escape becomes central to survival.